Central venous pressure (CVP) and its limitations: which statement is true?

Central venous pressure (CVP) and its limitations: which statement is true?

• A. CVP directly measures right atrial preload.
• B. CVP is a precise predictor of fluid responsiveness in most patients.
• C. CVP is unaffected by intrathoracic pressure changes.
• D. CVP reflects right atrial preload but is limited as a sole predictor of fluid responsiveness due to confounders.

Answer: (D)